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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity
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Opposing Functions of Distinct Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Colorectal Cancer.

Xiao Huang, Dan Feng, Sneha Mitra

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 20, 2025
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    Regulatory T (Treg) cells have opposing roles in colorectal cancer (CRC). Certain IL-10+ Treg cells suppress tumor growth, while IL-10- Treg cells promote it, impacting CRC progression and prognosis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Oncology
    • Cancer Research

    Background:

    • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known to promote solid organ cancer progression.
    • Treg cells are abundant in colorectal cancer (CRC), but their role in CRC progression is unclear.
    • Existing research indicates Treg cells contribute to solid organ cancer progression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the distinct functions of tumor-infiltrating Treg cell subsets in colorectal cancer (CRC).
    • To elucidate the mechanisms by which Treg cells influence CRC tumor growth and patient prognosis.
    • To explore the potential for targeted therapeutic strategies based on Treg cell subset functions.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of two distinct tumoral Treg cell subsets: IL-10-producing (IL-10+) and non-IL-10-producing (IL-10−).
    • Assessment of Treg cell subset distribution in mouse and human CRC tumors and adjacent tissues.
    • Correlation analysis of Treg cell subset abundance with disease prognosis in human CRC patients.

    Main Results:

    • Two distinct Treg cell subsets, IL-10+ and IL-10−, exhibit opposing functions in CRC.
    • IL-10+ Treg cells suppress CRC tumor growth by inhibiting IL-17 production from effector CD4 T cells.
    • IL-10− Treg cells promote CRC tumor growth; their abundance correlates with worse prognosis, while IL-10+ Treg cells correlate with better prognosis.

    Conclusions:

    • A functional dichotomy exists between IL-10+ and IL-10− Treg cell subsets in CRC.
    • IL-10+ Treg cells act as tumor suppressors, while IL-10− Treg cells are pro-tumoral in CRC.
    • These findings provide a rationale for developing targeted therapies to selectively eliminate pro-tumoral Treg cells while preserving anti-tumoral Treg cells in CRC.