Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

Biosynthesis of Lipids

Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Metabolic and Synthetic Biology Strategies for Enhancing Single-Cell Protein Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Biotechnology journal·2026
Same author

A CRISPR-Cas9 Toolkit Enabling Tunable Integration and Transient Homologous Recombination Enhancement in Yarrowia lipolytica.

Biotechnology and bioengineering·2026
Same author

Investigation of the Therapeutic Effects of Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation on Alzheimer's Disease Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

Journal of biophotonics·2026
Same author

Mechanistic insight into polysaccharides and ultrasound synergistic enhancement of the quality of low-salt surimi gels.

Food chemistry: X·2026
Same author

Mitophagy in Macrophages: A Metabolic Checkpoint in Inflammation-to-Repair Transition in Atherosclerosis.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026
Same author

Improving properties of dough and bread through the synergistic effect of chitosan and fermented whey.

Journal of the science of food and agriculture·2026
Same journal

Bioelectrode Healing via Engineered Electrode Reconstruction on Biofilms under Strong Acid and Ultrahigh Current Density.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
Same journal

Ultrarapid Purification of Manganese-52 from Chromium-52 Targets via Potentiostatic Anodic Dissolution and Chelation Ion Chromatography.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
Same journal

Nanoengineered All-Cellulose Bilayer Barrier Papers for High-Performance and Recyclable Food Packaging.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
Same journal

New Frontiers in AI-Nano Converged Platforms for Intelligent Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Safety Evaluation.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
Same journal

Strategies for Mitigation of Intermediate CO<sub>2</sub> Poisoning to Promote Electrocatalytic Efficiency during Urea Oxidation Reaction.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
Same journal

Modular Biosurface Engineering of Magnetotactic Bacteria for Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

Chem & bio engineering·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
08:56

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale

Published on: August 16, 2018

17.2K

Efforts toward Ambergris Biosynthesis.

Ni He1,2, Hongwei Yu1,2, Lidan Ye1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Chem & Bio Engineering
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biosynthesis offers a sustainable alternative to natural ambergris perfume components like ambrein and ambroxide. Researchers have engineered microorganisms for de novo ambrein production and developed pathways for ambroxide synthesis, addressing market demand and conservation concerns.

More Related Videos

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

9.7K
Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
08:56

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale

Published on: August 16, 2018

17.2K
A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

9.7K
Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Sustainable Production

Background:

  • Ambergris, a natural perfume, is rare and valuable, with ambrein and ambroxide as key fragrance components.
  • Chemical synthesis of ambrein and ambroxide meets market demand but raises ethical and legal concerns regarding sperm whale protection.
  • Biosynthesis presents a green, sustainable, and safe alternative for producing ambergris compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the biosynthesis of ambrein and ambroxide.
  • To explore sustainable production routes for ambergris substitutes.
  • To discuss the challenges and future prospects of biosynthetic ambergris compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering model microorganisms for de novo biosynthesis of ambrein from glucose and glycerol.
  • Modular co-culture of engineered yeast and fungi for partial ambroxide biosynthesis.
  • Chemical transformation of biosynthesized farnesene followed by enzymatic cyclization for ambroxide production.

Main Results:

  • Successful de novo biosynthesis of ambrein in engineered microorganisms.
  • Partial biosynthesis of ambroxide achieved through co-culture and chemical/enzymatic transformations.
  • Development of alternative pathways for producing ambrein and ambroxide.

Conclusions:

  • Biosynthesis is a viable and sustainable strategy for producing ambrein and ambroxide.
  • Engineered microorganisms and biotechnological approaches offer promising routes to ambergris substitutes.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges and optimize biosynthetic pathways for industrial application.