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[Early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes : a step towards precision medicine]

Vivien Glocker1, Philippe Klee1,2, Michael Hauschild3

  • 1Unité d'endocrinologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Service de développement et de croissance, Département de pédiatrie, gynécologie et obstétrique, Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, 1211 Genève 14.

Revue Medicale Suisse
|February 20, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common childhood metabolic disorder. Advances in genetics and screening enable early prediction, prevention, and treatment, with new drugs delaying T1D onset.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in pediatric populations.
  • T1D progresses through three distinct stages, facilitating preclinical diagnosis.
  • Genetic and screening advancements are revolutionizing T1D prediction, prevention, and treatment.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the significance of distinct T1D subtypes in understanding disease mechanisms.
  • To underscore the role of genetic variations, including HLA and non-HLA variants, in T1D risk.
  • To emphasize the impact of early diagnosis on implementing secondary prevention strategies.

Summary:

  • Identification of T1D subtypes reveals genetic, clinical, and immunological diversity.
  • High-risk genetic factors like HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4-DQ8, and non-HLA variants are implicated.
  • These genetic regions are also associated with other autoimmune conditions.

Impact:

  • Early T1D diagnosis facilitates secondary prevention.
  • Teplizumab, a novel therapeutic, is approved for delaying T1D onset in stage 2 patients.
  • Research deepens understanding of T1D's complex etiology and heterogeneity.

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