Lessons for medical countermeasure development from unforeseen outbreaks

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Epidemiology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• The COVID-19 and mpox epidemics presented significant public health challenges.
• Both outbreaks highlighted the need for effective strategies against novel viruses, especially in vulnerable groups.

Purpose of the Study:

• To compare the prioritization of medical countermeasures (MCMs): antivirals, antibodies, and vaccines.
• To identify optimal strategies for future pandemic preparedness.

Main Methods:

• Comparative analysis of antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines as MCMs.
• Evaluation of production, administration, logistics, cost, and public acceptance factors.

Main Results:

• Vaccines offer paramount importance for epidemic control through prophylaxis, inducing long-lasting immunity and herd effects.
• Antivirals are vital therapeutics, while antibodies serve dual roles in prevention and treatment.
• Challenges in social acceptance and equity impact vaccine production and distribution.

Conclusions:

• A vaccine-oriented strategy, coupled with a community-centered approach, is essential for effective pandemic preparedness.
• Proactive measures include ready-to-use vaccine platforms, regulatory approval, manufacturing capacity, and prototype development.
• Continued innovation in vaccinology is critical for addressing future unknown infectious agents.