Focal adhesion kinase (FAK): emerging target for drug-resistant malignant tumors

Malignant tumors associated with drug resistance present a significant challenge for clinicians and drug developers. Mutations and alterations within the tumor microenvironment frequently drive cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Despite identifying numerous molecular targets and lead compounds, achieving sustained efficacy remains challenging due to the rapid mutation rates and the emergence of resistance. Recently, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has emerged as a promising target for inhibiting cancer progression, with several lead molecules advancing through clinical trials. FAK plays a critical role in cancer pathology by regulating cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Its structure comprises three domains- the N-terminal FERM domain, kinase domain, and C-terminal focal adhesion targeting domain- contributing to its functional versatility. Ligands targeting the FERM and kinase domains can suppress cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. The FERM domain, a member of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin family, is particularly noteworthy for its ligand-binding capabilities and potential to inhibit tumor growth. While FAK is a compelling anticancer target, challenges such as tissue-specific physiological variability and broad ligand specificity remain. This review provides a detailed analysis of FAK's role in cancer progression and explores emerging molecules targeting FAK as potential treatments for drug-resistant malignant tumors.