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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

547
Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
547
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

352
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

405
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
405
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

324
β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.4K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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Worsening heart failure: progress, pitfalls, and perspectives.

Cândida Fonseca1,2,3, Rui Baptista4,5,6,7, Fátima Franco8

  • 1Heart Failure Clinic, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal. mcandidafonseca@gmail.com.

Heart Failure Reviews
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Worsening heart failure (WHF) is a critical phase in chronic heart failure (HF) management. Experts convened to redefine WHF

Keywords:
Chronic heart failureEmerging treatmentExpert consensusGuideline-directed medical therapyManagementVericiguatWorsening heart failure

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Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic heart failure (HF) management involves addressing clinical stability and episodes of worsening heart failure (WHF).
  • Recurrent WHF episodes can lead to decreased quality of life, functional capacity, hospitalizations, and mortality.
  • The evolving HF treatment landscape necessitates a re-evaluation of WHF concepts and clinical value.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the evolving concept of worsening heart failure (WHF).
  • To explore the prevention, detection, and treatment strategies for WHF.
  • To provide expert consensus on managing WHF in the current therapeutic era.

Main Methods:

  • Expert panel discussion and consensus building.
  • Review of current literature and clinical evidence.
  • Focus on redefining the clinical and prognostic significance of WHF.

Main Results:

  • WHF is an old concept with new boundaries due to treatment advancements.
  • Management strategies for WHF are being reshaped by new therapeutic options.
  • A comprehensive discussion on the concept, prevention, detection, and treatment of WHF was conducted.

Conclusions:

  • The definition and understanding of WHF are evolving.
  • Updated approaches to WHF prevention, detection, and treatment are crucial.
  • Expert consensus aims to guide clinical practice in managing WHF.