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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms
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Open-source 3D printable forearm crutch.

Maryam Mottaghi1, Morgan Woods1, Laura Danier2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Canada.

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|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an affordable, open-source forearm crutch designed for 3D printing. The low-cost, durable mobility aid meets safety standards and offers a customizable solution for those with impairments.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Open-Source Hardware

Background:

  • Limited accessibility and high cost of conventional crutches hinder individuals with mobility impairments.
  • Shortages of mobility aids, particularly crutches, are critical in conflict zones.
  • The need for affordable, customizable, and locally producible assistive devices is significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a low-cost, functional, open-source forearm crutch using digital distributed manufacturing.
  • To leverage 3D printing technology for accessible production of mobility aids.
  • To address the supply gap for crutches in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized free and open-source hardware principles for crutch design.
  • Employed digital distributed manufacturing with inexpensive desktop 3D printers.
  • Conducted static load-bearing tests adhering to ISO 11334-1:2007 standards.

Main Results:

  • The open-source crutch exceeds ISO load capacity requirements by 51.6% (1,516.3 ± 169.9 N).
  • The crutch weighs only 0.612 kg, 27% of comparable commercial devices.
  • Material cost is CAD $36, potentially under CAD $13 with recycled plastics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed open-source forearm crutch is a cost-effective, functional, and customizable alternative.
  • 3D printing and open-source principles enable accessible manufacturing of essential mobility aids.
  • This innovation significantly improves access to vital assistive devices globally.