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Related Concept Videos

Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Isochoric and Isobaric Processes01:21

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40...
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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assembly and Operation of a Cooling Stage to Immobilize C. elegans on Their Culture Plates
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Connecting the dots for cooling.

Lara Perren1, Maksym Yarema1

  • 1Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Semiconductor particles are fused to create advanced thermoelectric coolers. This method enhances cooling efficiency for various electronic applications.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) offer solid-state cooling without moving parts.
  • Traditional TEC fabrication methods face challenges in achieving optimal thermal and electrical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fusion of semiconductor particles as a novel approach for fabricating thermoelectric coolers.
  • To evaluate the performance characteristics of TECs produced via particle fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Semiconductor particles were synthesized and characterized.
  • Particles were fused using a high-temperature process under controlled conditions.
  • Thermoelectric properties (Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity) of the fused material were measured.

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Main Results:

  • The fused semiconductor particles formed a dense, coherent thermoelectric material.
  • The fabricated TECs demonstrated significant cooling capabilities.
  • Optimized fusion parameters led to improved thermoelectric performance compared to bulk materials.

Conclusions:

  • Particle fusion is a viable and effective method for manufacturing high-performance thermoelectric coolers.
  • This technique offers potential for scalable and cost-effective production of advanced cooling devices.