Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

16.1K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.1K
Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

27.2K
Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
27.2K
Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

16.7K
Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
16.7K
Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

Osmoregulation in Fishes

49.2K
When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
49.2K
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

15.8K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
15.8K
Trophic Efficiency00:46

Trophic Efficiency

20.3K
Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
20.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Eliminating invasive predators.

Nature ecology & evolution·2026
Same author

Invasive species eradication standards.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2025
Same author

Biological invasions: a global assessment of geographic distributions, long-term trends, and data gaps.

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·2025
Same author

Conceptual and ethical considerations in invasion science.

Bioscience·2025
Same author

Discriminating footprints to improve identification of congeneric invasive Rattus species.

Pest management science·2025
Same author

Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance Across New Zealand and Its Subantarctic Islands Detects H1N9 in Migratory Shorebirds, but Not 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
07:41

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

Published on: July 30, 2019

7.4K

Benthic Pond Macroinvertebrates Coexist with Nearby Potentially Predatory Fish.

Erika V Iyengar, Austin R Hoffman, James C Russell

    The Biological Bulletin
    |February 20, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pond invertebrates like isopods and leeches did not avoid predatory fish. Instead, some species may even be attracted to fish, suggesting bottom-up control may be more influential than predator avoidance in these ecosystems.

    More Related Videos

    Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps
    06:43

    Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps

    Published on: September 25, 2023

    1.3K
    Laboratory Protocol for Genetic Gut Content Analyses of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Using Group-specific rDNA Primers
    10:17

    Laboratory Protocol for Genetic Gut Content Analyses of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Using Group-specific rDNA Primers

    Published on: October 5, 2017

    8.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 27, 2025

    Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
    07:41

    Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

    Published on: July 30, 2019

    7.4K
    Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps
    06:43

    Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps

    Published on: September 25, 2023

    1.3K
    Laboratory Protocol for Genetic Gut Content Analyses of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Using Group-specific rDNA Primers
    10:17

    Laboratory Protocol for Genetic Gut Content Analyses of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Using Group-specific rDNA Primers

    Published on: October 5, 2017

    8.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Aquatic Biology
    • Behavioral Ecology

    Background:

    • Benthic macroinvertebrates are key components of pond ecosystems, often dominating biomass.
    • These invertebrates face significant predation pressure from fish.
    • Behavioral defenses, such as predator avoidance, are common strategies in aquatic communities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether pond benthic macroinvertebrates exhibit inducible behavioral defenses in response to predatory fish presence.
    • To determine if macroinvertebrates avoid areas with predatory fish cues.

    Main Methods:

    • Caged experiments were conducted in a fishless pond over two years (2020-2021).
    • Cages contained either predatory fish (sunfish, golden shiners) or served as controls.
    • Leaf packs were deployed under cages, and invertebrate densities were assessed after a minimum of two days.

    Main Results:

    • Contrary to predictions, dominant benthic macroinvertebrates (isopods, leeches, fingernail clams) did not avoid fish.
    • Leech and isopod populations were sometimes higher near sunfish, potentially due to increased nutrients from fish feces.
    • Field results align with prior laboratory findings indicating a lack of response to fish cues.

    Conclusions:

    • Benthic macroinvertebrates in ponds may not exhibit avoidance behavior towards predatory fish.
    • Bottom-up ecological control, driven by nutrient availability, may play a dominant role in pond ecosystems.
    • These findings have implications for the conservation of threatened pond ecosystems.