Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

81
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
81
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

103
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
103
Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

51
Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
51
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

97
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
97
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

632
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
632
Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

93
Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
93

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Salt exposure disrupts memory retrieval in habituation and conditioned place preference in planaria (Dugesia japonica).

Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)·2026
Same author

On the generality of behavioral theory and abstract phenomena.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026
Same author

Comparisons of extinction, counterconditioning, and novelty-facilitated extinction within ABA vs. ABC renewal designs.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2026
Same author

Rescuing specific memories by rejuvenating engram cells.

Neuron·2026
Same author

From forgetting to remembering: Context-dependent memory recovery after postretrieval disruption.

Behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same author

Microglial activity during postnatal development is required for infantile amnesia in mice.

PLoS biology·2026
Same journal

Perception and action as one: Re-integrating research on human action through event files.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

Associative learning explains "intuitive statistics" in animals.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

A reciprocal model of practice and skill: Navigating between dropout and expertise.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

The relative psychometric function: A general analysis framework for relating psychological processes.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

A taxonomy of discriminatory behavior.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

Extreme-value signal detection theory for recognition memory: The parametric road not taken.

Psychological review·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

12.5K

Rethinking memory impairments: Retrieval failure.

Joaquín M Alfei1, Ralph R Miller2, Tomás J Ryan3

  • 1Facultad de Psicologia, Laboratorio de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas (IIPSI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba.

Psychological Review
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory deficits after learning interventions are often reversible. Appropriate retrieval cues can restore most memory expression, challenging the idea of permanent memory loss.

More Related Videos

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

9.7K
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

37.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2025

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

12.5K
A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

9.7K
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

37.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Traditional view: memory failures indicate permanent storage loss.
  • Amnesic manipulations post-training or reactivation are thought to erase memory traces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on learning and memory.
  • To challenge the notion that memory deficits are always permanent.
  • To highlight the critical role of retrieval cues in memory expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of learning and memory studies.
  • Analysis of behavioral and neurobiological findings.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding memory retrieval.

Main Results:

  • Most memory deficits can be restored with appropriate retrieval cues.
  • Experience-dependent manipulations often lead to new learning that interferes with original memory.
  • Memory expression is highly dependent on retrieval cues.

Conclusions:

  • Memory retrieval is a critical component of memory performance.
  • Rethinking established learning and memory paradigms is necessary.
  • New research avenues focusing on retrieval mechanisms are suggested.