Exploring immunotherapy to control human infectious diseases

Infectious diseases continue to pose significant challenges to global health, especially with the rise of antibiotic resistance and emerging pathogens. Traditional treatments, while effective, are often limited in the face of rapidly evolving pathogens. Immunotherapy, which harnesses and enhances the body's immune response, offers a promising alternative to conventional approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases. By employing use of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, cytokine therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy has demonstrated considerable potential in overcoming treatment resistance and improving patient outcomes. Key innovations, including the development of mRNA vaccines, use of immune modulators, adoptive cell transfer, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy are paving the way for more targeted pathogen clearance. Further, combining immunotherapy with conventional antibiotic treatment has demonstrated effectiveness against drug-resistant strains, but this chapter explores the evolving field of immunotherapy for the treatment of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The chapter also explores the recent breakthroughs and ongoing clinical trials in infectious disease immunotherapy.