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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Promoting Efficient Ruthenium Sites With Lewis Acid Oxide for the Accelerated Hydrogen and Chlor-Alkali

Xiumin Gu1, Zijian Li2, Haeseong Jang3

  • 1College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces MgO nanoparticles on Ruthenium (MgOₓ-Ru) as a superior electrocatalyst for sustainable hydrogen and chlor-alkali production. The novel catalyst demonstrates enhanced activity and efficiency compared to industrial standards.

Keywords:
Lewis acid oxideRu‐based catalystschlorine evolution reactionhydrogen evolution reactiontheoretical calculation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts show promise for hydrogen and chlor-alkali co-production.
  • Hollow sites on Ru surfaces exhibit strong adsorption, hindering hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and chlorine evolution reaction (CER) activity.
  • Theoretical calculations suggest anchoring Lewis acid oxides can modify Ru surface properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen and chlor-alkali co-production.
  • To investigate the effect of anchoring MgO nanoparticles on Ru for improved HER and CER performance.
  • To evaluate the electrocatalytic activity of the new catalyst against industrial standards.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations to predict catalyst behavior.
  • Synthesis of dispersed MgO nanoparticles on Ru (MgOₓ-Ru).
  • Electrochemical testing in alkaline and saline media to assess HER and CER performance.
  • Comparative analysis with commercial Pt/C and dimensionally stable anode (DSA) catalysts.

Main Results:

  • MgOₓ-Ru exhibits excellent HER and CER activity with low overpotentials (19 mV for HER, 74 mV for CER at 10 mA cm⁻²).
  • The catalyst demonstrates superior performance to commercial Pt/C and DSA under simulated chlor-alkali electrolysis conditions.
  • Anchoring MgO nanoparticles induces favorable Ru-bridge sites for H and Cl adsorption.

Conclusions:

  • The MgOₓ-Ru electrocatalyst offers a promising pathway for efficient and sustainable hydrogen and chlor-alkali co-production.
  • The strategy of anchoring Lewis acid oxides on Ru is effective in enhancing catalytic activity.
  • MgOₓ-Ru presents a viable alternative to current industrial catalysts for these processes.