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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Studying Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection
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Cyclospora Genotypic Variations and Associated Epidemiologic Characteristics, United States, 2018-2021.

John Shen, Vitaliano A Cama, David Jacobson

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    Annual outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the U.S. are linked to frequent parasite introductions. Specific produce like cilantro and onions were associated with Cyclospora ashfordi infections.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Parasitology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Seasonal outbreaks of cyclosporiasis occur annually in the United States.
    • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a novel genotyping system for Cyclospora spp.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the temporal-geographic distributions of Cyclospora cluster consensus genotypes (CCGs).
    • To identify correlations between Cyclospora spp. and clinical or epidemiologic factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of temporal-geographic distributions of CCGs from 2018-2021.
    • Regression analyses to correlate parasite genotypes with risk factors and clinical data.

    Main Results:

    • No single CCG was consistently detected in any U.S. state, suggesting frequent parasite introductions.
    • Cyclospora ashfordi infections were associated with cilantro, mango, and onion consumption.
    • Cyclospora cayetanensis infections were associated with iceberg lettuce, carrot, and cauliflower consumption.

    Conclusions:

    • Cyclosporiasis in the U.S. is likely driven by recurrent parasite introductions.
    • Findings provide insights for targeted public health interventions to reduce disease burden.