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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Clinical psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Anxiety and depression are linked to underconfidence.
  • Metacognitive biases, like underconfidence, are not fully understood.
  • Individuals should theoretically adjust confidence based on performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the origins of underconfidence in individuals with anxious-depression symptoms.
  • Examine the relationship between local and global confidence and external feedback.
  • Identify mechanisms maintaining underconfidence in subclinical anxious-depression.

Main Methods:

  • Two large general population samples (N=230, N=278).
  • Measured local task-instance confidence and global long-run self-performance estimates.
  • Manipulated external feedback valence and frequency.

Main Results:

  • Global confidence adjusted to local confidence and feedback valence.
  • Positive feedback increased global confidence; negative feedback decreased it.
  • Individuals with higher anxious-depression symptoms showed reduced sensitivity of global confidence to local confidence increases.

Conclusions:

  • Blunted sensitivity to personal performance increases contributes to underconfidence in anxious-depression.
  • Feedback valence remains influential, but self-monitoring is impaired.
  • This provides a mechanistic explanation for persistent underconfidence despite intact performance.