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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary isease (COPD) involves a group of progressive lung disorders characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms. Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS), encompassing features of both asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a group of progressive lung disorders that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. ACOS leads to complex clinical presentations that combine the inflammatory...
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
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Interventions for Long COVID: A Narrative Review.

Ilya Ivlev1,2, Jesse Wagner3, Taylor Phillips3

  • 1ECRI, 5200 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA. ivlev@ohsu.edu.

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|February 21, 2025
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Evidence for long COVID treatments is weak, with significant uncertainty about benefits and harms. More rigorous research is crucial for effective long COVID management strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Public Health
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Long COVID presents diverse symptoms and clinical uncertainty for survivors.
  • Managing long COVID symptoms like fatigue, neurocognitive issues, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, and risks of interventions for common long COVID symptoms.
  • To identify barriers to care and needs for future research in long COVID management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 97 studies (26 RCTs, 15 non-randomized comparative studies).
  • Inclusion of English articles, gray literature, and input from 14 key informants (patients, caregivers, clinicians, payors, researchers).
  • Analysis of interventions including rehabilitation, supplements, complementary treatments, medications, and COVID-19 vaccination.

Main Results:

  • The body of evidence for long COVID interventions is persistently weak, with high imprecision and uncertainty regarding benefits and harms.
  • Key informants highlighted the need for diagnostic criteria, functional outcomes, and addressed barriers like dismissive attitudes and inadequate insurance coverage.
  • Many patients resort to self-treatment with potentially ineffective and costly options due to treatment uncertainty.

Conclusions:

  • There is a pressing need for more rigorous research to validate effective long COVID treatment protocols.
  • Clinicians and patients face substantial uncertainty in treatment decisions due to the evolving nature of long COVID and its management.
  • Addressing healthcare system barriers is essential for improving care for long COVID survivors.