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Updated: May 26, 2025

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The Gut Microbiome and Migraine: Updates in Understanding.

Niushen Zhang1, Stephanie Tran2, Leon S Moskatel2

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The gut microbiome plays a role in migraine development. Research shows altered gut bacteria in migraine patients, suggesting potential new therapies targeting the gut microbiome.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Gut-brain axis
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The gut microbiome, comprising trillions of microorganisms, significantly influences host physiology.
  • The microbiome-gut-brain axis describes the bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system.
  • Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to various neurological conditions, including migraine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of microbiome research.
  • To elucidate the understanding of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
  • To present recent findings on the gut microbiome's role in migraine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies in rodent models.
  • Analysis of human cohort data.
  • Examination of recent metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS) and Mendelian Randomization.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical data indicate gut microbiota are essential for normal pain perception.
  • Rodent models suggest potential therapeutic applications of probiotics, SCFAs, and herbal medicines for migraine.
  • Human studies reveal altered gut microbiota composition and function in individuals with migraine.
  • MWAS and Mendelian Randomization support a causal link between gut microbiota and migraine.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a factor in migraine pathophysiology.
  • Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota is associated with migraine.
  • Further research into the gut microbiome-migraine connection may yield novel therapeutic strategies.