Determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination uptake, intention and recommendations among Lebanese physicians

The most effective way to prevent influenza infection and its severe outcomes is through vaccination. Influenza vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups, including health care workers who have high occupational exposure. Hesitancy is a major challenge affecting vaccine uptake. This study aims to identify the determinants of seasonal influenza vaccine uptake, intention and recommendation to target groups of physicians in Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting physicians working in Lebanon. Data was collected on Kobo Toolbox using an online questionnaire developed based on the Health Belief Model. A random sample of physicians was selected from the Order of Physicians database. The link to the questionnaire was sent by email or message. Univariate, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed using R software. The total number of responses was 1019. Half (49 %) of the participants received the vaccine in the 2022-2023 season, and 73 % intend to get it if recommended and offered for free. The perception of vaccine effectiveness was associated with vaccine uptake (adjusted OR = 2.54, 95 %CI = 1.98-3.31), intention to be vaccinated (adjusted OR = 17.5, 95 %CI = 7.21-50.5) and vaccine recommendation. Perception of vaccine safety, type of healthcare facility and physician's specialty were also associated with flu uptake. Other predictors for intention were: perception of disease severity and flu uptake during the previous season. Other predictors for flu vaccine recommendation were: province of residence, number of years in healthcare, specialty and intention to take the flu vaccine (adjusted OR = 21.0, 95 %CI = 7.58-71.3). Influenza vaccine uptake among participating physicians is suboptimal, yet intention to take the vaccine is higher. The study identified several factors associated with the vaccine uptake, intention and recommendation. A multifaceted approach and targeted education activities are needed in a sustainable vaccination program to increase physicians' influenza vaccine uptake.