Parent training programs for immigrant families in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

This review analyzes randomized controlled studies that investigated parent training interventions in Europe. Included studies had to have utilized interventions based on social learning theory and enrolled immigrant families. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the review was pre-registered with PROSPERO. A search of nine databases identified 8286 publications, seven of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These articles were published between 2010 and 2017. Since 1996, extremely few effective trials have been conducted in Europe. The meta-analysis revealed a small but significant overall effect for child problem behaviors and positive and negative parenting (effect size = 0.26, 0.24, and 0.20, respectively), compared with the control conditions, thus favoring parent training. Only some studies have addressed the migration or cultural issues in family life-a barrier to the development of future programs. This review highlights issues such as cultural adaptation and intersectionality to assist evaluators and planners in improving the practice of their professions and their knowledge base. We call for more evidence regarding the effects of parental programs on immigrant families living in Europe.