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Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

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Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
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If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
The hydrohalogenation of an unsymmetrical alkene can yield two haloalkane products, depending on which vinylic carbon takes up the halogen. However, one product usually predominates, where hydrogen adds to the vinylic carbon bearing the...
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Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

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One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Insight into carbonyl source based on improved source apportionment method: Alkene regulate secondary formation.

Yulong Yan1, Yueyuan Niu2, Xiaolin Duan3

  • 1Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.

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This study developed an improved method to distinguish primary and secondary carbonyl sources in industrial cities. Findings reveal seasonal differences in carbonyl formation and identify key precursors for targeted emission control strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Air Pollution Analysis

Background:

  • Carbonyls originate from both direct emissions and photochemical reactions, complicating source identification.
  • Accurate apportionment of primary and secondary carbonyl sources is crucial for industrial cities with significant emissions.
  • Existing methods lack the precision to differentiate these sources effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve source apportionment methods for carbonyls by separating primary emissions and secondary formation.
  • To investigate seasonal variations in carbonyl concentrations and sources in a North China industrial city.
  • To provide insights for developing targeted carbonyl control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of multiple linear regression, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and observation-based modeling (OBM).
  • Separate analysis of primary emission sources and secondary formation pathways for carbonyls.
  • Seasonal sampling and analysis in a typical industrial city.

Main Results:

  • Summer carbonyl concentrations were 47% higher than winter, with acetaldehyde being the most abundant.
  • Acetaldehyde predominantly formed secondarily in summer (51%) but from primary emissions in winter (40%).
  • Gasoline vehicles were major contributors in summer (16%), while diesel vehicles were more significant in winter (7%).
  • Alkene oxidation (RO· + O2) dominated secondary carbonyl formation, with ethylene, butene, and pentene as key precursors.
  • Industrial processes like coking, steel, and cement were identified as potential alkene sources.

Conclusions:

  • The improved method effectively distinguishes carbonyl sources, offering technical support for accurate apportionment.
  • Seasonal variations and precursor identification inform distinct control strategies for primary and secondary carbonyl emissions.
  • Controlling alkene emissions is vital for mitigating secondary carbonyl formation in industrial areas.