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Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Does age affect metacognition? A cross-domain investigation using a hierarchical Bayesian framework.

Lucile Meunier-Duperray1, Audrey Mazancieux2, Céline Souchay3

  • 1Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000 Grenoble, France; Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Tours, France.

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Metacognitive efficiency in aging varies by cognitive domain. While episodic memory judgment accuracy declines with age, semantic memory judgment accuracy improves, suggesting domain-specific age effects on metacognition.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience of aging
  • Metacognition research

Background:

  • Metacognitive accuracy in aging is domain-dependent, with older adults often showing deficits in episodic memory but not semantic memory.
  • Age-related changes in metacognition are task-specific, and other domains like executive functioning are less explored.
  • This study addresses whether metacognition is impaired in healthy aging by integrating advanced methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in metacognitive efficiency across different cognitive domains.
  • To determine if metacognitive efficiency relies on domain-general or domain-specific processes in older adults.
  • To clarify the nature of metacognitive impairments in healthy aging.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited a large sample (n=443) of adults aged 18-79.
  • Collected retrospective confidence judgments in episodic memory, semantic memory, executive functioning, and visual perception.
  • Estimated metacognitive efficiency using a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of the meta-d' model.

Main Results:

  • Metacognitive efficiency decreased with age in episodic memory tasks.
  • Metacognitive efficiency increased with age in semantic memory tasks.
  • No significant age effects on metacognitive efficiency were found for executive functioning or visual perception tasks.
  • Metacognitive efficiency appeared to involve domain-general processes in older adults.

Conclusions:

  • Metacognitive efficiency in healthy aging is not uniformly impaired but shows domain-specific patterns.
  • Understanding episodic metamemory deficits in aging is crucial for addressing retrieval and strategy implementation difficulties.
  • Future research should explore domain-general mechanisms underlying metacognitive performance in older adults.