Vitamin D Status as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Infection

Vitamin D is a principal regulator of bone and mineral metabolism. Recent data have provided evidence that vitamin D is a polyfunctional hormone with actions that extend beyond its classical role as a nutrient for bone and mineral metabolism. These additional actions include its potential role to prevent infections and autoimmunity. This review will focus on the relationship between vitamin D and infections, specifically on tuberculosis (TB). The literature review was conducted on PubMed using the search terms "Vitamin D" and "Tuberculosis." As one of the most resilient infectious microorganisms on the planet, TB remains a public health concern because of the emergence of resistant strains, the burden, and side effects of treatment. Vitamin D plays an important role in the innate immune system that is the first line of defense against TB infection. Although there appears to be pathophysiological interplay between vitamin D and TB, more research is necessary to determine with certainty the extent of this relationship. Social determinants of health including population density, income, poverty, public assistance, unemployment, and education also play a role in estimating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the burden of TB. This review explores the interplay between vitamin D and TB through factors including the immune system and social determinants of health.