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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review

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Microtia: A Review.

Liliana Camison1, Rebecca C Lisk2, Magdalena Soldanska3

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Faculty Pavilion, Suite 7107, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery
|February 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microtia, a congenital ear malformation, results from genetic and environmental factors. Early multidisciplinary care and surgical reconstruction, like porous polyethylene or autologous techniques, are crucial for affected children.

Keywords:
AlloplasticAutologousEar anomalyEar reconstructionMedporMicrotia

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Microtia is a congenital condition with varied ear malformations.
  • Its cause is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental influences.
  • Requires early, comprehensive care from multiple specialists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of microtia.
  • To present a historical review of the condition.
  • To illustrate two common surgical reconstruction methods.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of microtia and its history.
  • Illustrated description of porous polyethylene reconstruction with temporoparietal fascia flap.
  • Illustrated description of two-stage autologous reconstruction (modified Nagata technique).

Main Results:

  • Detailed surgical techniques for microtia reconstruction are presented.
  • Porous polyethylene and autologous methods are described.
  • The article serves as a guide to surgical options.

Conclusions:

  • Microtia management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Surgical reconstruction is a key component of treatment.
  • The article details established and modified surgical techniques.