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Karyotype evolution and speciation in Orthoptera.

Octavio M Palacios-Gimenez1,2, Elio R D Castillo1,3, Holger Schielzeth1,3

  • 1Population Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena DE-07743, Germany.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|February 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Karyotype evolution, or changes in chromosome structure, can drive speciation in Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets). Some species show linked chromosome changes and speciation, while others evolve chromosomes independently.

Keywords:
Orthopterachromosomal rearrangementskaryotype evolutionspeciation rates

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Speciation Research

Background:

  • Karyotype evolution is hypothesized to influence speciation and species diversity.
  • Understanding the relationship between chromosome changes and speciation rates is crucial for evolutionary biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis linking speciation and karyotype change in Orthoptera.
  • To estimate anagenetic and cladogenetic rates of karyotype evolution and speciation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled male diploid chromosome number and fundamental number for 1,541 Orthoptera species.
  • Jointly modeled cladogenetic, anagenetic character evolution, and phylogenetic birth-death process using Bayesian framework.
  • Analyzed 516 species from 14 families, including flightless phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneity observed in karyotype evolution pace and its link to speciation across Orthopteran families.
  • Speciation-associated (cladogenetic) karyotype changes found in 6/14 clades; anagenetic evolution in 6/14 clades.
  • Flightless phenotype associated with increased rates of chromosome loss, indicating contrasting evolutionary patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Karyotype evolution exhibits diverse patterns across Orthopteran lineages.
  • Significant chromosome number changes (gains/losses) are recurrent in Orthopterans.
  • These chromosomal changes are linked to reproductive isolation and speciation in some Orthopteran groups.