Topographic and anatomical variability of the facial artery: Structure and physiology

A large number of complications associated with incorrect visualization of the facial artery or ignorance of the anatomy of the major facial vessel make this problem quite relevant. An in-depth understanding of anatomical variations, projections and topography, taking into account the depth of the facial artery, can help reduce the risk of adverse outcomes during cosmetic procedures. In addition, it assists plastic and maxillofacial surgeons in managing facial trauma and performing surgical procedures, including advanced endoscopic facelift techniques and endoscopic blepharoplasty, where the risk of vascular injury is higher. In cases of vascular injury, anatomical knowledge allows the selection of an optimal hemostatic approach. The aim of this review is to systematize current data on anatomical variations, topography, and external landmarks of the facial artery, providing a classification and visual representation of different patterns. This structured information will undoubtedly benefit clinicians in various fields.