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Related Concept Videos

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

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Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.

Marvin L Hsieh1, Daisuke Nishizaki2, Jacob J Adashek3

  • 1Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. mhsieh@mcw.edu.

Biomarker Research
|February 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is vital for immune responses, detecting double-stranded RNA. Its dual role in disease requires careful therapeutic targeting to harness protective immunity while avoiding harmful inflammation.

Keywords:
AllergyAutoimmune diseaseCancerImmunotherapyTLR3 agonistToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)Viral infection

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Last Updated: May 26, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity.
  • TLR3, located in endosomes, recognizes double-stranded RNA from viral and endogenous sources.
  • The 2011 Nobel Prize recognized the profound impact of TLR discovery on understanding the immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex roles of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in various immune-mediated diseases.
  • To explore both the protective and detrimental effects of TLR3 signaling.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of TLR3 agonists in immunotherapy, particularly in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on TLR3.
  • Analysis of TLR3 expression and function in different disease contexts (cancer, infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies).
  • Examination of the mechanisms underlying TLR3's dual role in immunity.

Main Results:

  • TLR3 activation enhances anti-viral defenses but can also drive chronic inflammation and tissue damage.
  • TLR3 expression in cancer is associated with variable prognoses, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
  • TLR3 agonists are being investigated for cancer immunotherapy to boost anti-tumor responses.

Conclusions:

  • TLR3 presents a complex therapeutic target due to its dual protective and detrimental functions.
  • Careful modulation of TLR3 signaling is crucial for maximizing beneficial immune responses and minimizing pathological consequences.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TLR3's role and optimize its therapeutic application in immune-related diseases and cancer immunotherapy.