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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Fruit Flies — Genetic Models and Behavioral Tests
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Untangling the Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Stem Cells.

Zoe Mattingly1, Sundari Chetty1,2,3,4

  • 1Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Autism Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research
|February 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Human stem cell models offer new ways to study autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These patient-derived cells help researchers understand ASD

Keywords:
autismdisease modelingmolecular and cellular mechanismspersonalized medicinestem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents diagnostic and treatment challenges due to genetic and phenotypic variability.
  • Limited understanding of ASD's dynamic, human-specific pathology hinders personalized care.
  • Traditional research models (postmortem tissue, animal studies) have inherent limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the transformative impact of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in ASD research.
  • To explain how iPSC-derived models advance the understanding of ASD mechanisms.
  • To underscore the potential for personalized diagnostics and therapeutics in ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of patient-derived neural cells using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology.
  • Utilizing both 2D cell cultures and 3D brain organoid models.
  • Maintaining the donor's genetic background in stem cell models.

Main Results:

  • iPSC models enable investigation of disease-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in ASD.
  • These models facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
  • Stem cell approaches provide a platform for studying human-specific aspects of ASD pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-based research is crucial for advancing ASD understanding.
  • Patient-derived iPSC models are key to developing personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ASD.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional ASD research models.