Synthetic photoresponsive hydrogels enable in situ control over murine intestinal monolayer differentiation and crypt...

As a model of the intestinal epithelium, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) have been grown and differentiated as monolayers on materials where stochastic organization of the crypt and villi cells occurs. We developed an allyl sulfide crosslinked photoresponsive hydrogel with a shear modulus of 1.6 kPa and functionalized with GFOGER, Bm-binder peptide ligands for monolayer growth of ISCs. The allyl sulfide chemistry allowed in situ control of mechanics in the presence of growing ISC monolayers, and structured irradiation afforded spatial regulation of the hydrogel properties. Specifically, ISC monolayers grown on 1.6 kPa substrates were in situ softened to 0.29 kPa, using circular patterns 50, 75, and 100 μm in diameter, during differentiation, resulting in control over the size and arrangement of de novo crypts and monolayer cellularity. These photoresponsive materials should prove useful in applications ranging from studying crypt evolution to drug screening and transport across tissues of changing cellular composition.