Public Knowledge and Management Practices of Anaphylaxis in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that has a rapid onset and the potential for fatal outcomes. In Saudi Arabia, anaphylaxis has become more prevalent, particularly among children, yet the knowledge of underlying possible causes and pathogenesis and its management remains insufficient. This study aims to assess the level of awareness and management practices of anaphylaxis among residents of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024 among 384 participants in Al-Ahsa. Data were collected using an online, self-administered questionnaire distributed via social media platforms. We excluded those who refused to participate, those who were healthcare professionals, and those residing outside Al-Ahsa and were non-Saudi. The questionnaire comprised 21 items evaluating demographic characteristics and knowledge of anaphylaxis, including its clinical features, causes, risk factors, emergency actions, previous experiences, and appropriate responses to anaphylaxis signs. Results The study revealed that most participants (154, 40%) were aged 21-30 years, 234 (61%) were male, and 230 (60%) had a university education. Awareness of anaphylaxis was relatively high, with 271 participants (71%) reporting they had heard of the condition. Additionally, 221 participants (58%) recognized its potentially fatal nature. Knowledge of common triggers, such as food and insect stings, was high, with 344-366 participants (90-95%) identifying these as causes of anaphylaxis. However, recognition of less common triggers like latex was lower, with only 185 participants (48%) aware of this risk. When it came to treatment, just 71 participants (18%) correctly identified epinephrine as the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. Although 160 participants (40%) indicated they would seek hospital care in an emergency, only 28 (7%) recognized the need to administer epinephrine. Overall, 245 participants (64%) demonstrated good knowledge of anaphylaxis. Significant differences in knowledge levels were observed based on gender (p = 0.017), marital status (p = 0.037), education level (p = 0.049), prior awareness of anaphylaxis (p = 0.002), and having witnessed an anaphylaxis case before (p = 0.007). Conclusion Awareness of proper anaphylaxis and allergy management, particularly the use of epinephrine, is notably lacking. Targeting public health awareness is essential to enhance public knowledge and preparedness for managing anaphylactic emergencies in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.