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Normative Data for In-Hand Manipulation Skill Test for Children: A Study From Southern India
Rahiba C K1, Renukadevi Mahadevan2, Vijay S Raj V3
1Department of Musculoskeletal, JSS College of Physiotherapy, Mysore, IND.
Cureus
|February 24, 2025
Summary
Normative values for the Test of In-hand Manipulation (TIHM) were developed for children aged five to nine in Kerala. This provides crucial data for assessing in-hand manipulation skills in this age group.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Developmental Psychology
- Occupational Therapy
Background:
- In-hand manipulation skills (IHMS) are essential for daily activities.
- The Test of In-hand Manipulation (TIHM) is the primary assessment tool for children aged 3-9.
- Current lack of normative data for TIHM hinders accurate interpretation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish normative values for the TIHM in typically developing children aged 3-9 in Kerala.
- To address the critical need for standardized assessment data.
Main Methods:
- A study involving 793 children aged 3-9 in Kerala.
- Cluster sampling was employed for data collection.
- Videotaping and subsequent analysis of manipulation skills for scoring.
Main Results:
- Children aged 6-8 generally achieved maximum scores across all TIHM components.
- Younger children (3-4 years) exhibited compensatory strategies and difficulties with instructions.
- No significant gender-based performance differences were observed within age groups.
Conclusions:
- Normative values for the TIHM have been successfully established for children aged 5-9.
- This study provides essential data for the clinical and research assessment of IHM in children.
- The findings highlight developmental progression and the absence of gender bias in TIHM performance.
