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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

39
During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

29
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

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Delay discounting data in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Modeling and analysis

Brett W Gelino1, Jill A Rabinowitz2, Brion S Maher3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
|February 24, 2025
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Summary

This primer explains delay discounting, a key decision-making behavior linked to substance use disorder. It offers best practices for analyzing data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, ensuring consistent, reproducible research on youth.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Developmental Science

Background:

  • Delay discounting, the devaluation of delayed rewards, is linked to behavioral health issues like substance use disorder.
  • Analyzing delay discounting data presents challenges due to varied methodologies and potential for atypical responding, especially in youth.
  • The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study offers a large dataset for examining decision-making in child and adolescent development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a foundational understanding of delay discounting principles and their relevance.
  • To outline standardized methods for operationalizing, analyzing, and interpreting delay discounting data within the ABCD Study.
  • To offer recommendations for best practices in modeling, data handling, and interpretation for consistency and reproducibility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical and conceptual aspects of discounting research.
  • Description of conventional titration tasks and novel algorithm-based approaches for discounting assessment.
  • Guidance on data analysis, handling, exclusions, and interpretation tailored for the ABCD Study's large cohort.

Main Results:

  • The report details methods for analyzing delay discounting data from the ABCD Study (N = 11,878).
  • It emphasizes unique analytical considerations for child and adolescent populations, including atypical responding.
  • Analytic pipelines and coding are provided to facilitate investigator use.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized approaches to delay discounting data analysis are crucial for reproducibility in developmental research.
  • The ABCD Study provides a valuable resource for understanding decision-making across development.
  • Implementing recommended best practices will enhance the quality and comparability of findings in this field.