Recent trends in the development ofin vitro3D kidney models.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Renal Physiology
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• Kidney diseases disrupt homeostasis; traditional research models (animal, 2D cultures) lack human physiological relevance.
• Limitations in current models hinder accurate study of renal disorders and drug effects.
• Need for advanced models that replicate human kidney structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the development and potential of 3D biomimetic *in vitro* kidney models.
• To highlight how these models overcome limitations of conventional research methods.
• To discuss applications in disease modeling, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic evaluation.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing human-derived cells for advanced 3D biomimetic models.
• Employing tissue engineering to replicate glomerular and tubular kidney structures.
• Developing models that mimic both healthy and diseased kidney tissue specificity.

Main Results:

• 3D biomimetic models closely mimic human kidney physiology *in vitro*.
• These models provide a superior platform for studying renal disorders and drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
• Successful replication of key kidney structures like glomeruli and tubules is achieved.

Conclusions:

• 3D biomimetic *in vitro* kidney models represent a significant advancement in renal research.
• They offer enhanced reliability for studying kidney diseases and evaluating novel therapies.
• Challenges in scalability, reproducibility, and long-term stability need further optimization for clinical translation.