Identification of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonistic disperse dye in commercially available textile products by...

Textile products contain various chemicals, making safety evaluation complex. We conducted an exploratory investigation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in textile products using effect-directed analysis (EDA), which combines biological assays and chemical analysis. A cell-based assay was employed to detect the activation of the AhR, using a cell line that expresses the AhR-responsive luciferase gene. Testing the extracts of 10 commercially available textile products revealed high AhR agonistic activities in two of them. To identify the specific AhR agonist in one product, the sample was fractionated using chemical techniques. The active fractions were further separated using liquid chromatography. Confirmation of the active component was achieved through Orbitrap-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS), which matched the retention time and tandem MS spectrum with the standard for Disperse Violet 93:1. It has also been confirmed that Disperse Violet 93:1 activates the AhR in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the AhR agonistic properties of other disperse dyes were examined, leading to the discovery of Disperse Blue 291 and Disperse Blue 373 as AhR agonists. These disperse dyes had not been previously recognized as AhR agonists. Textile products have received little attention as potential sources of exposure to AhR agonists. Activation of the AhR has both positive and negative effects on human health. Therefore, conducting detailed exposure assessments and toxicity evaluations is crucial to comprehensively assess the health risks associated with these substances. The identification of disperse dyes that activate the AhR suggests that it is now possible to conduct these detailed assessments in the future.