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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Elasticity in Concrete01:20

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Upon subjecting concrete to moderate or high uniaxial compressive or tensile stresses, the strain response is non-linear relative to the stress applied. As the stress is removed, the resulting stress-strain curve deviates from the original path traced during loading, creating a hysteresis loop, indicative of the concrete's non-linear and non-elastic properties. Typically, a material's modulus of elasticity, which is a measure of the material's stiffness, is inferred from the linear...
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Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
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Scaled modeling is a fundamental technique in engineering, enabling the study of large and complex systems by creating smaller, manageable replicas that recreate critical characteristics of the original. In hydrology and civil infrastructure, for example, scaled models of dams help analyze water flow, turbulence, and pressure. This method allows for accurate predictions of real-world behavior within a controlled environment, significantly reducing the cost and time involved in full-scale...
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Updated: May 26, 2025

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior
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Simulating human behavior under earthquake early warning.

Matthew Wood1, Sara K McBride2, Xilei Zhao3

  • 1Department of Geography, University of Utah, 260 S Central Dr, RM 4625, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.

Heliyon
|February 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems can provide crucial seconds of advance notice before shaking begins. This warning time allows individuals to take protective actions, potentially reducing earthquake injuries and fatalities.

Keywords:
ABM (agent-based modeling)EEW (earthquake early warning)Protective actionSimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Earthquake science
  • Disaster preparedness
  • Human-computer interaction

Background:

  • Earthquakes pose a significant rapid-onset hazard.
  • Effective mitigation strategies rely on advance planning and learning.
  • Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems offer potential for immediate disaster response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of EEW systems in providing actionable warning time.
  • To simulate individual responses to EEW alerts in a controlled environment.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an agent-based simulation model of a basic apartment.
  • Randomized and repeated simulation of individuals receiving and responding to EEW messages.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary simulations indicate that EEW alerts can provide sufficient time for protective actions.
  • The study environment demonstrated the potential for EEW to enable effective responses.

Conclusions:

  • EEW systems hold promise for mitigating earthquake-related injuries and deaths.
  • Further research and development of EEW systems are warranted.