Advancements in Tissue-Equivalent Gel Dosimeters

Tissue-equivalent hydrogel dosimeters represent a class of tools that hold significant promise, particularly in the precise measurement of three-dimensional dose distributions in radiotherapy. Due to their physical properties closely resembling those of human soft tissue, these dosimeters effectively replicate the energy transfer phenomena resulting from radiation interactions, such as atomic ionization and scattering by nuclei or electrons. Consequently, tissue-equivalent dosimeters, characterized by their linear energy transfer properties, have been extensively applied in medical physics, radiation oncology, and nuclear safety. Future advancements focusing on developing more stable, less toxic, normoxic, and cost-effective dosimeters could enable their broader adoption. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key characteristics that make hydrogel dosimeters tissue-equivalent, highlighting their benefits, limitations, and primary application areas. Additionally, it explores current advancements in polymeric gel technology and discusses future directions aimed at optimizing their performance and accessibility for broader adoption.