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Updated: May 26, 2025

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Prostaglandins: Biological Action, Therapeutic Aspects, and Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kunio Yui1, George Imataka2, Mariko Ichihashi3
1Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University, Chiba-Shi 260-8677, Chiba, Japan.
Abstract:
Esterified ARA on the inner surface of the cell membrane is hydrolyzed to its free form by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is further metabolized by COXs and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. PGs produce detrimental effects due to their proinflammatory properties. The generation of prostaglandin (PG)G2 and PGH2 is triggered by cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes such as COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is significantly elevated in ASD. Considerable data indicate that COX enzymes and their metabolites of ARA play important roles in the initiation and development of human neurodevelopmental diseases. The involvement of disrupted COX2/PGE2 signaling in ASD pathology in changing neuronal cell behavior and the expression of ASD-related genes and proteins is due to disrupted COX2/PGE2 signaling. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is synthesized from arachidonic acid by metabolic-pathway-dependent cyclooxygenase (COX) and synthesized in a primary step of ARA transformation (PGG2, PGH2), by degradation of the abovementioned prostaglandins.
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