Harnessing Filamentous Fungi for Enzyme Cocktail Production Through Rice Bran Bioprocessing

Valorization of agri-food residues has garnered significant interest for obtaining value-added compounds such as enzymes or bioactive molecules. Rice milling by-products, such as rice bran, have limited commercial value and may pose environmental challenges. Filamentous fungi are recognized for their ability to grow on residues and for their capacity to produce large amounts of metabolites and enzymes of industrial interest. Here, we used filamentous fungi to produce enzyme cocktails from rice bran, which, due to its polysaccharide composition, serves as an ideal substrate for the growth of fungi producing cellulases and xylanases. To this end, sixteen fungal strains were isolated from rice bran and identified at the species level. The species belonged to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor. The Aspergillus species displayed the highest efficiency in cellulase and xylanase activities, especially A. niger var. phoenicis and A. amstelodami. A. terreus, A. tritici, and A. montevidensis stood out as xylanolytic isolates, while P. parvofructum exhibited good cellulase activity. A. niger var. phoenicis followed by A. terreus showed the highest specific enzymatic activities of α- and β-D-galactosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α- and β-D-glucosidase, and β-D-xylosidase. Additionally, proteomic analysis of A. terreus, A. niger var. phoenicis, and P. parvofructum exoproteomes revealed differences in enzyme production for rice bran degradation. A. niger var. phoenicis had the highest levels of xylanases and cellulases, while P. parvofructum excelled in proteases, starch-degrading enzymes, and antifungal proteins. Finally, two Penicillium isolates were notable as producers of up to three different antifungal proteins. Our results demonstrate that filamentous fungi can effectively valorize rice bran by producing enzyme cocktails of industrial interest, along with bioactive peptides, in a cost-efficient manner, aligning with the circular bio-economy framework.