Challenges and Opportunities of Choosing a Membrane for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), has led to intensive research into novel techniques for synthesizing valuable chemicals that address climate change. One technique that is becoming increasingly important is the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to produce carbon monoxide (CO), an important feedstock for various industrial processes. This comprehensive review examines the latest developments in CO₂ electroreduction, focusing on mechanisms, catalysts, reaction pathways, and optimization strategies to enhance CO production efficiency. A particular emphasis is placed on the role of ion exchange membranes, including cation exchange membranes (CEMs), anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and bipolar membranes (BPMs). The review explores their advantages, disadvantages, and the current challenges associated with their implementation in CO₂ electroreduction systems. Through careful analysis of the current literature, this report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of state-of-the-art methods and their potential impact on sustainable CO production, with a special focus on membrane technologies.