Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 26, 2025
09:48
Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
Published on: February 17, 2023
2.5K
Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance
Maria Apostolopoulou1,2,3, Vaia Lambadiari4, Michael Roden1,2,3
1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Endocrine Reviews
|February 25, 2025
Summary
People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often experience insulin resistance, not just beta-cell failure. This review explores T1D insulin resistance mechanisms, clinical features, and therapeutic targets for better glucose control.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Metabolic Diseases
- Immunology
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is typically characterized by beta-cell failure.
- However, insulin resistance frequently coexists in individuals with T1D.
- The interplay between autoimmune and metabolic factors contributes to T1D pathophysiology.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the mechanisms, clinical features, and therapeutic relevance of insulin resistance in T1D.
- To highlight the distinct phenotype of insulin resistance in T1D compared to type 2 diabetes.
- To discuss the role of insulin treatment and other factors in T1D insulin resistance.
Main Methods:
- Focus on human studies utilizing gold-standard techniques, primarily the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.
- Analysis of pathophysiology involving metabolic and autoimmune factors.
- Review of clinical features and progression of tissue-specific insulin resistance in T1D.
Main Results:
- Insulin resistance in T1D can be tissue-specific, developing early and persisting.
- Pathophysiology is complex, involving synergistic metabolic and autoimmune factors.
- Insulin treatment, lifestyle factors, and glucolipotoxicity contribute to insulin resistance, but may not fully explain the T1D phenotype.
Conclusions:
- Insulin resistance is a significant, treatable component of T1D.
- Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may improve insulin resistance compared to multiple daily injections.
- Emerging therapies show promise for improving insulin resistance in T1D, but cost and off-label use limit current application.
Keywords:
diabetes therapyglucotoxicity/lipotoxicityinsulin resistancetype 1 diabetesvascular dysfunctionMore Related Videos
08:13Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
Published on: January 7, 2018
67.7K
08:47Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
Published on: December 7, 2017
9.6K
Related Concept Videos
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
2.4K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
2.4K
01:20Pathophysiology of Diabetes
842
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
842
01:28Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways
1.1K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
1.1K
01:16Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects
137
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
137
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
10.7K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
10.7K
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
2.1K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
2.1K