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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

160
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
160
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

137
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
137
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

227
The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
227
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

2.4K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
2.4K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

131
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
131
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

338
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
338

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Navigating Insulin Options for Diabetes Management.

Ebne Rafi1, Lily Tranchito1, Betul Hatipoglu1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|February 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding insulin pharmacokinetic profiles is key for effective diabetes management. This knowledge helps clinicians choose the right insulin for various patient needs and clinical situations.

Keywords:
basalbolusdiabetesinsulinlong-actingrapid-acting

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is a cornerstone for managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • A growing number of insulin products necessitates a clear understanding of their differences for optimal patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the differences between various insulin agents.
  • To guide clinicians in selecting appropriate insulin therapies based on patient needs and clinical context.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on population-level data, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original research.

Main Results:

  • Insulin initiation is recommended for severe hyperglycemia, catabolic states, HbA1c >10%, or unclear type 1 diabetes diagnoses.
  • Insulin products primarily differ in pharmacokinetic profiles, not mechanism of action.
  • Pharmacokinetic differences enable tailored insulin use in specific situations like steroid-induced hyperglycemia, kidney disease, and insulin pump therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding insulin pharmacokinetic profiles is crucial for selecting appropriate agents for fasting and mealtime coverage.
  • This knowledge supports effective insulin therapy in complex scenarios including steroid-induced hyperglycemia, kidney disease, and insulin pump management.
  • Informed insulin selection empowers clinicians and patients in developing effective diabetes care and self-management plans.