Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

The Photochemical Reaction Center

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cyclobutane-linked nanothreads through thermal and photochemically mediated polymerization of cyclohexadiene.

Polymer chemistry·2025

Same author

Rational Approaches toward the Design and Synthesis of Carbon Nanothreads.

Accounts of chemical research·2025

Same author

An Electrochemical Design for a General Catalytic Carboxylic Acid Substitution Platform via Anhydrides at Room Temperature: Amidation, Esterification, and Thioesterification.

Organic letters·2025

Same author

Visible-light-mediated Diels-Alder reactions under single-chain polymer confinement: investigating the role of the crosslinking moiety on catalyst activity.

Polymer chemistry·2024

Same author

Nickel-Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization as a Method for Polymerization.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2023

Same author

Photochemically Mediated Polymerization of Molecular Furan and Pyridine: Synthesis of Nanothreads at Reduced Pressures.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Cooperative Photoredox Catalysis Under Confinement.

Shweta Gaikwad¹, Argha Bhattacharjee¹, Elizabeth Elacqua¹

¹Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|February 25, 2025

Summary

Dual photoredox catalysis using confinement strategies enhances challenging organic reactions. By spatially organizing catalysts, this approach overcomes diffusion limits, improving reactivity and selectivity for advanced synthetic chemistry.

Keywords:

confinement-aided catalysis cooperative catalysis organic transformations photoredox catalysis

More Related Videos

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2025

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Synthetic Chemistry
Catalysis
Materials Science

Background:

Photoredox catalysis utilizes light for organic transformations but is often limited by diffusion control, impacting reactivity and selectivity.
The concept of 'catalysis under confinement' aims to overcome these limitations by spatially organizing cocatalysts.
Dual photoredox catalysis involves multiple catalysts working in tandem to achieve complex chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in dual photoredox catalysis employing confinement strategies.
To highlight the role of heterogeneous and homogeneous frameworks in enabling catalyst proximity and communication.
To explore the potential of single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) as a versatile platform for confinement-enabled catalysis.

Main Methods:

Summarization of recent designs and advancements in heterogeneous and homogeneous frameworks for dual photoredox catalysis.
Analysis of material architectures, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymeric systems, and SCNPs.
Discussion of how these frameworks facilitate catalyst communication, leading to enhanced radical, electron, or energy transfer.

Main Results:

Well-defined heterogeneous and homogeneous frameworks effectively enable dual photoredox catalysis through confinement.
Catalyst colocalization promotes efficient communication, accelerating reactions by overcoming diffusion limitations.
Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) offer a highly modular and recyclable platform with significant potential for confinement applications.

Conclusions:

Confinement strategies are crucial for enhancing the performance of photoredox catalysis, particularly for diffusion-limited reactions.
Both heterogeneous and homogeneous confinement platforms demonstrate superior catalytic activity and selectivity.
Further investigation into SCNPs and other advanced materials is expected to drive innovation in catalysis.