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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
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Surface Components and Biological Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles.

Jinping Wang1,2, Kuoran Xing1, Guoying Zhang2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore.

ACS Nano
|February 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key to cell communication, with their surfaces mediating interactions and cargo delivery. This review explores EV surface structure, function, and potential in disease diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
DiagnosisDiseasesExtracellular VesiclesMachine LearningNanotherapeuticsSurface ComponentsSurface EngineeringTherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for intercellular communication.
  • Their surface composition dictates targeting, interaction, and cargo delivery functions.
  • Understanding EV surface molecular architecture is vital for their application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the molecular architecture of EV surfaces.
  • To link EV biogenesis to their functional diversity.
  • To highlight the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of EV surface composition and function.
  • Analysis of EV biogenesis pathways.
  • Exploration of emerging EV applications and clinical translation challenges.

Main Results:

  • EV surfaces are complex, comprising proteins, lipids, and glycocalyx.
  • Surface components are critical for cell targeting and intercellular signaling.
  • EVs show significant promise in cancer and cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics.

Conclusions:

  • EV surface structure is intrinsically linked to their biological roles.
  • Emerging technologies like machine learning enhance EV analysis and application.
  • Overcoming clinical translation challenges is key to realizing the full potential of EV-based technologies.