Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Effect of Intravenous Administration of Alprostadil on Circulating Microvesicles in Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI): A Preliminary Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Determinants of In-Stent Restenosis in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Insights from a Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

MicroRNA profiles in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature.

Journal of neuroimmunology·2026
Same author

In-Stent Restenosis Pathophysiology and Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Review.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Clinical Manifestations and Mortality Predictors of COVID-19 in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Romania.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Improving glioma resection with 2D-intraoperative ultrasound: Observational results and systematic literature correlation.

Surgical neurology international·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
11:45

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

Published on: November 14, 2013

12.1K

Hypothalamic Hamartomas: A Narrative Review.

Marian Mitrica1,2, Aida Mihaela Manole3,4, Mihai Toma5

  • 1Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.

Biomedicines
|February 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare brain malformations causing seizures and developmental issues. Advances in genetics, diagnostics, and treatments like LITT offer improved patient outcomes, though more research is needed.

Keywords:
cognitive and behavioral outcomediagnostic advanceetiologyhypothalamic hamartomasneuromodulationtherapeutic intervention

More Related Videos

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

243

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
11:45

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

Published on: November 14, 2013

12.1K
Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

243

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare, non-neoplastic malformations of the hypothalamus.
  • Clinical features are heterogeneous, including gelastic seizures, central precocious puberty, and cognitive/behavioral deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic advances, and therapeutic approaches for HH.
  • To highlight the role of genetic insights and novel therapeutic strategies for HH management.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature on hypothalamic hamartomas.
  • Analysis of genetic factors, including postzygotic mosaicism and Sonic Hedgehog signaling.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic modalities (MRI, PET, SEEG) and therapeutic interventions (pharmacological, surgical, neuromodulatory).

Main Results:

  • Genetic insights point to postzygotic mosaicism and dysregulated Sonic Hedgehog signaling in HH development.
  • Advanced imaging and electrophysiological studies are crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Therapeutic options range from traditional surgery to minimally invasive techniques like LITT, with pharmacological and neuromodulatory approaches offering adjuvant benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment, variability in outcomes and limited long-term data remain challenges.
  • Multidisciplinary care and continued research are essential for optimizing quality of life for patients with HH.
  • Emerging therapies show promise in improving seizure control while minimizing cognitive and behavioral sequelae.