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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications
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Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

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Circulating Epithelial Tumor Cells (CETC/CTC) in Prostate Cancer: Potential Prognostic Marker for the Risk of

Dorothea Schott1, Monika Pizon1, Sonia Drozdz2

  • 1Transfusion Medicine Center Bayreuth, Kurpromenade 2, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Monitoring circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during prostate cancer radiotherapy (RT) can predict relapse risk. A decrease in CTCs indicates lower risk, while an increase suggests higher risk, offering valuable prognostic insights.

Keywords:
PSAcirculating epithelial tumor cellsprognostic biomarkerprostate cancerradiotherapyrisk stratification

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomarkers
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of cancer mortality in men.
  • Radiotherapy (RT) is a key treatment, but reliable relapse risk biomarkers are lacking.
  • Circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC/CTC) are being investigated as potential biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC/CTC) as biomarkers for assessing relapse risk in prostate cancer patients undergoing RT.
  • To determine the association between changes in CETC/CTC counts and relapse risk during and after RT.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral blood samples from 52 prostate cancer patients were analyzed for CETC/CTC using the EpCAM marker.
  • CETC/CTC counts were measured before, mid-treatment, and at the end of RT.
  • The correlation between CETC/CTC dynamics and relapse risk was statistically analyzed.

Main Results:

  • CETC/CTC were detected in 96% of patients pre-RT.
  • A significant reduction in CETC/CTC during RT correlated with lower relapse risk.
  • An increase in CETC/CTC during or after RT was strongly associated with higher relapse risk (HR=8.8, p=0.002).

Conclusions:

  • Monitoring CETC/CTC levels during RT provides prognostic insights into relapse risk for prostate cancer patients.
  • CETC/CTC changes show promise as prognostic markers, potentially outperforming PSA levels in this cohort.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the clinical superiority of CETC/CTC over PSA.