Graphene Nanopore Fabrication and Applications

Graphene is a revolutionary material with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties and has garnered significant attention in the realm of nanopore technology. Devices incorporating graphene nanopores leverage the material's atomic thickness to enhance detection precision in solid-state nanopores. These nanopores exhibit high spatial resolution and ion selectivity, making them promising sensors for biomolecular detection. Additionally, their unique characteristics suggest their considerable potential for applications in material separation and osmotic power generation. In recent years, several literature reviews on graphene nanopores have been published; however, some have not fully addressed certain important aspects, such as the depth of theoretical analysis, the extent of coverage on technological advancements, and the exploration of potential applications. This paper reviews current fabrication methods, including "top-down" etching and "bottom-up" synthesis, highlighting their advantages and limitations. We also summarize diverse applications of graphene nanopores, such as in biomolecule detection and water desalination. Our findings emphasize the need for a deeper exploration of these aspects, advancing the field by showcasing the broader potential of graphene nanopores in addressing various technological challenges.