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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2025

In Vivo Vascular Injury Readouts in Mouse Retina to Promote Reproducibility
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COVID-19 Related Retinal Vascular Occlusion: A Systematic Review.

Argyrios Tzamalis1, Maria Foti1, Maria Georgiadou1

  • 12nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection increases the risk of retinal vascular occlusion, including retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO). This systematic review highlights patient characteristics and outcomes, suggesting a significant role for COVID-19 in these vascular events.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2artery occlusionretinal vascular occlusionvaccinationvein occlusion

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) and SARS-CoV-2 immunization have been anecdotally linked to retinal vascular occlusive events.
  • Understanding the risk factors and characteristics of affected individuals is crucial for early detection and management.
  • Existing knowledge on COVID-19 related retinal vascular occlusion requires systematic summarization and evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19 related retinal vascular occlusion (RVO and RAO).
  • To evaluate the current knowledge regarding retinal vascular occlusion in COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients.
  • To provide insights into populations at higher risk for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of case reports and series.
  • Electronic searches conducted on PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Study adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Main Results:

  • 34 studies were included, analyzing 21 patients with COVID-19 related Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) and 15 with Retinal Artery Occlusion (RAO).
  • RVO occurred at a mean age of 41.9 years, with a mean onset of 12.3 days post-COVID-19/vaccination; RAO occurred at a mean age of 56.9 years, with a mean onset of 14.9 days.
  • Visual acuity improved in 71.4% of RVO patients, but only 53.3% of RAO patients showed improvement.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 appears to significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular occlusion, potentially increasing thromboembolic risk.
  • The precise pathophysiologic mechanisms linking COVID-19 to retinal vascular occlusion remain to be fully elucidated.
  • Further research is necessary to comprehensively understand this association and its clinical implications.