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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...

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Updated: May 25, 2025

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Designed Reactive Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification.

Alina Ramona Buzatu^1,2, Anamaria Todea¹, Raluca Pop³

¹Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 26, 2025

Summary

Reactive natural deep eutectic solvents (R-NADESs) enhance lipase performance in synthesizing biosurfactants. These green solvents improve enzyme stability and activity for sustainable biorefinery applications.

Keywords:

carbohydrates catalytic activity choline chloride immobilized lipase lipase lipase stability molecular properties reactive NADES

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Published on: June 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Green Chemistry and Biorefining
Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
Sustainable Solvent Systems

Background:

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) offer sustainable alternatives for extraction and reaction media.
Enzymatic reactions benefit from NADESs due to improved substrate solubility, enzyme stability, and efficiency.
NADESs can act as multi-functional media, serving as substrates and catalysts, known as reactive solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of designed reactive natural deep eutectic solvents (R-NADESs) on lipase activity and stability.
To explore the synthesis of polyol- and carbohydrate-based biosurfactants using R-NADESs with lipases.
To characterize novel R-NADES systems and their physicochemical properties.

Main Methods:

Manufactured and characterized 16 binary and ternary R-NADES systems using choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA and various HBDs (carbohydrates, urea, water).
Determined physicochemical, thermal, and molecular properties (viscosity, polarizability, hydrogen bonding) of R-NADESs.
Evaluated the esterification activity and thermal stability of free and immobilized lipases in R-NADESs.

Main Results:

R-NADES properties were effectively controlled by composition, molar ratio, molecular characteristics, temperature, and water content.
Many lipases, both free and immobilized, exhibited high thermal stability in the developed R-NADESs.
Remarkable catalytic performance of lipases was observed in R-NADESs for esterification reactions.

Conclusions:

Designed R-NADESs are beneficial for enzymatic esterification reactions, particularly in biosurfactant synthesis.
These novel solvent systems enhance lipase stability and catalytic efficiency, supporting green chemistry principles.
The tunable properties of R-NADESs make them versatile media for biocatalytic applications in biorefineries.