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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

144
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
144
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

125
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
125
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

124
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
124
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

161
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
161
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

126
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
126
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

209
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
209

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2025

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension.

Yoshitaka Morimatsu1, Nobuhiro Tahara2, Masaki Okamoto3,4

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|February 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) is a serious complication affecting multiple organs. While its exact prevalence and causes are unclear, targeted therapies show promise for improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
epidemiologypathogenesissarcoidosissarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertensiontreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Cardiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause.
  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a recognized complication of sarcoidosis, increasing patient morbidity and mortality.
  • Sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is classified under Group 5 (miscellaneous) of PH classification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Sarcoidosis-associated Pulmonary Hypertension (SAPH).
  • To highlight the unknown epidemiology and incompletely understood pathogenesis of SAPH.
  • To discuss the variable clinical presentation and management challenges of SAPH.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sarcoidosis and pulmonary hypertension.
  • Analysis of classification and clinical characteristics of SAPH.
  • Evaluation of current and potential therapeutic strategies for SAPH.

Main Results:

  • The epidemiology and pathogenesis of SAPH remain largely unknown.
  • SAPH presentation is variable and not always correlated with sarcoidosis severity.
  • No established treatment algorithm exists for SAPH, though lung transplantation is an option for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • SAPH is a significant complication of sarcoidosis requiring expert management.
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific vasodilators targeting key pathways show potential benefits in SAPH.
  • Further research is needed to clarify SAPH epidemiology, pathogenesis, and optimal treatment strategies.