Microbiota Dysbiosis: A Key Modulator in Preeclampsia Pathogenesis and Its Therapeutic Potential

Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence implicates gut and vaginal microbiota dysbiosis in preeclampsia pathogenesis through its roles in immune regulation, inflammation, and placental function. This review explores the mechanisms linking microbiota alterations to preeclampsia and evaluates the therapeutic potential of microbiota-targeted interventions. A systematic search using MeSH terms related to "preeclampsia", "microbiota", and "dysbiosis" identified studies on microbiota and preeclampsia pathophysiology. Data extraction focused on microbial alterations and mechanistic insights. Gut dysbiosis, characterized by reduced beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acid production, weakens the intestinal barrier, exacerbates systemic inflammation, and impairs placental development. Vaginal dysbiosis, marked by reduced Lactobacillus species, promotes local inflammation, increasing placental dysfunction risk. Therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, show promise in restoring microbial balance and mitigating preeclampsia risk. Microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to preeclampsia pathogenesis through inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and placental impairment. Interventions targeting microbial balance, such as probiotics and dietary modifications, show promise for prevention, but further research and large-scale trials are essential to validate their efficacy and safety.