Cryopreservation Strategies for Poultry Semen: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques and Applications

Poultry semen preservation is crucial for sustaining genetic diversity, improving production efficiency, and facilitating various breeding initiatives. This review underscores the importance and challenges associated with different preservation techniques. We investigate effective techniques for semen collection and evaluation, focusing on vital parameters such as volume, concentration, motility, and morphology. Preservation strategies are categorized into short-term approaches, such as dilution with extenders, and mid-to-long-term strategies, like freezing and the use of cryoprotectants. Additionally, we explore several factors affecting semen quality, including male age and genetics, seasonal impacts, and stress during handling. Assessing the quality of preserved semen is critical, particularly regarding post-thaw motility. The applications of these preservation techniques in artificial insemination, genetic enhancement, the conservation of endangered breeds, and biobanking are highlighted. This review identifies critical research opportunities, including the development of improved cryoprotectants, refining freezing protocols, comprehending the mechanisms of semen damage, and innovating novel preservation technologies. Addressing these challenges will enhance poultry semen preservation and contribute to sustainable poultry farming.