Dynamic Immune Response Landscapes of Avian Peripheral Blood Post-Vaccination Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus...

Background/Objectives: Despite decades of extensive vaccinations against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, outbreaks caused by constantly emerging variants due to genome recombination between different viral strains, including vaccine strains, occur annually worldwide. The development of novel vaccines with favorable safety and effectiveness is required but is hindered by a limited understanding of vaccination against IBV. Methods: Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in specific pathogen-free chickens inoculated with the widely used live attenuated IBV vaccine strain H120 at single-cell level, using high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results: High-quality sequencing dataset for four scRNA-seq data containing the transcriptomes of 29,846 individual chicken PBMCs were obtained, defining 22 populations and 7 cell types based on distinct molecular signatures and known markers. Further integrative analysis constructed the time series dynamic cell transition and immune response landscapes within the two weeks post-prime vaccination against IBV. Enhanced crosstalk between antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes was revealed as early as four days post-vaccination. The specific immune cell populations and their comprehensive cellular and molecular networks involved in the initiation phase of antiviral adaptive immune responses were elucidated in details. Conclusions: Our study provides a comprehensive view of the dynamic initiation of immune responses in chickens against IBV infection at the cellular and molecular levels, which provides theoretical support and potential solutions for the future rational design of safe and effective vaccines, the augmentation of the efficacy of current vaccines, and the optimization of immune programs.